Immunity and innate physical andchemical factors.

 Immunity 

Highlights

1. Immunity is the resistance to infection. 
2.  The immune system scans the body for pathogens.
3. 
   
4.  It fights against the pathogens. 

 The immunity is of two types, namely: 

• Innate immunity
•  Acquired immunity or 
• Adaptive immunity. 

 The natural, inherited defense is innate immunity, 

Example;   Skin as barrier, Fever,Coughing, Tears  Colostrum ,NK cells ,Sweat, Phagocytosis, etc.  

1.The resistance developed during ones life time is called acquired or adaptive immunity. 

 2.It may be active or passive. 

 Example:

•  Humoral immune response
•  Cell mediated immune response
•  Vaccination 
• Immunological memory, etc. 

Types of Immunity 

Immunity is broadly classified into two types, namely:

1. INNATE IMMUNITY. ( non- specific or natural or native)

2.ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.(specific or adaptive)   

• Active (1.natural, 2. Artificial)
•  Passive (1.natural, 2. Artificial)

1. Innate Immunity 

The defense or resistance obtained through birth is called innate immunity . 

The natural defense mechanism is known as innate immunity or native immunity or natural immunity . 

It is inherited from parents to young ones . It is non - specific .

 All living organisms are naturally gifted with the resistance to certain infections from birth .

 It is a general protective reaction of organisms against any invasion . 

The mechanism is effective against a wide range of infectious agents . It operates through many factors such as ,  

A.  Physical and Mechanical Factors 
B.  Biochemical factors
C. Cellular factor
D.genetic factor
E.body temperature
F. Inflammation
G. Fever

A. Physical and mechanical factors 

The physical and mechanical factors of innate immunity include 

1.Skin

2.Coughing and sneezing 

3.Mucous membrane

4.Peristalsis

5.Cilia 

6. Tear , saliva and urine . 

1. Skin 

The skin is a very good barrier to infection as it has a horny m layer , namely stratum corneum . This layer is impermeable to the infect microorganisms thereby it acts as a very good mechanical barrier .

  

In the case of loss of skin due to burns , infection occurs quickl microbial organisms , get an easy entry through this region .

 2. Mucous Membrane

 The mucous membrane lining the various openings and passag body secrete mucous , The mucous traps the microorganisms because of sticky nature.

  The mucous also acts as a protective barrier to block the adherence bacteria to the epithelial cells .

 

3. Cillia 

The epithelial cells of the respiratory passage are lined with cilia the microorganisms trapped in the mucous of the respiratory passage are s by the constant movement of these cilia .

 

4. Coughing and Sneezing

 The mechanical actions such as coughing and sneezing help in the driving of foreign particles that enter the digestive and respiratory tracts .

 5. Peristalsis

 The microorganisms that enter the intestine , escaping various barriers are pushed away by the peristaltic movement of the intestine , before they could invade and grow there.

6.Tears , saliva and urine

The conjunction of the eye is freed of foreign particles by the flushing of the lacrimal secretion ,namely tear.

The mouth is constantly bathed in saliva and the pathogens that enter the mouth are swallowed by the salivary secretion and are digested in the gut

 The washing action of urine eliminate microbial organisms from urethra .

B. Biochemical Factors 

The following biochemical factors are employed to fight against infectious organisms: 

1. Secretions of the skin 

2. Secretions of the digestive tract 

3. Human milk 

4. Nasal secretion and saliva 

5. Lysozyme

 6. Interferons 

7. Complement 

8. Properdin 

9. Secretions of bacterial flora 

10. Semen 

11. Acute phase proteins. 

1. Secretions of the Skin 

 The high concentration of salt in the sweat possesses bactericidal activity. 

 The acidity of sweat and thereby low pH (pH - 5.5) has microbicidal effect. 

 The secretions of the sebaceous and sweat glands act as antiseptics as they contain lactic acid and fatty acids which have bactericidal and fungicidal properties. 

 But certain areas of the body, namely, soles of the feet are deficient of sebaceous glands and thereby these areas are more attacked by fungal growth and hence such areas are sometimes referred as' alkaline gaps "

2. Secretions of the Digestive Tract

 The high acidity of the stomach (pH = 2.0) has a microbicidal effect and this is due to the presence of HCI in the gastric juice which is secreted by the oxynetic cells lining the stomach.

 3. Human Milk

 Human milk is rich in antibacterial substances, namely lactoferritin and neuraminic acid. They fight against E.coli and Staphylococci. 

4. Nasal Secretion and Saliva

 These secretions contain mucopolysaccharides which inactivate certain viruses.

 5. Lysozyme 

Tears, nasal secretions, saliva, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, human milk and most tissue fluids (except cerebro spinal fluid - CSF, sweat and urine) contain a mucolytic enzyme N - acetyl - muramidase, known as lysozyme ..

This was first discovered by Fleming in 1992 and it is a low molecular weight basic protein which helps in the lysis of many Gram - positive bacteria by splitting of the sugars from the glycopeptides of the cell wall. In the presence of additional serum complement factors, it can digest some of the Gram - negative bacteria also. Egg white is a rich commercial source of lysozyme.

 6. Interferons (IFN) 

Interferons are a group of soluble, non-toxic, glycoproteins produced in small amounts by all the cells of the body .. This is an antiviral agent which inhibits intracellular viral replication in cells infected with viruses. Interferon appears in the cells before any detectable antibody for the viruses could appear. It offers resistance by blocking viral mRNA transcription thereby disrupting the viral life cycle.Interferons also enhance NK cell activity, thus offering immunity to can cer. They also inhibit cell proliferation in tumors and thereby assuring its use in cancer chemotherapy. Because of their antiviral and anticancer properties, large quantities of interferon is commercially prepared to help in the treatment of viral infection and in cancer therapy. The manufacture of interferons is a major breakthrough in Science, as genes for human interferons have been introduced in E.coli genome to produce interferons by E.coli. (DNA Recombinant Technology). On the basis of their electrophoretic mobility, the interferons are grouped into a - interferon (IFN a), B - interferon (IFN B) and y- interferon (IFN y). Y - interferon is specifically produced only by activated T lymphocytes. 

 7. Complement 

The complement is a complex system of enzymatic proteins found in the serum and is activated by antigen - antibody complexes. Activation of the complement increases phagocytosis and destruction of the microbial organisms that enter an individual. Complement operators by three major mechanisms, namely the classical, alternative and the lectin pathways. The main function of complement is the opsonization of microorganisms and the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) there by promoting their phagocytosis and lysis. 

 8. Properdin

 This is a group of proteins present in the normal serum and is involved in resistance to infections. Along with complement and Mg ", this causes lysis of Gram - negative bacteria and also inactivates certain viruses. 

9. Secretions of Bacterial Flora 

The bacterial flora of the skin produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins and acids. The bacterial flora of the human gut. live as commensals. They secrete colicin and acids which do not allow the entry of other microorganisms into the body. They also stimulate the immune system to function against other microbial antigens. If the commensals of the gut are removed by antibiotics, the pathogenic organisms gain easy entry. 

The Lactobacilli in vagina produce antibacterial acid. Moreover the microflora of the mucous membrane prevent proliferation of pathogenic. organisms by producing inhibitory substances like hydrogen peroxide, antibiotic or by altering the pH to make it unsuitable for the growth of other microbes.

10. Semen * 

It contains bactericidal components, namely spermine and zinc. 

 11. Acute Phase Proteins

 This is a group of plasma proteins which increase very rapidly during infection. One example of this group is C- reactive protein (CRP), which called so because of its ability to bind the C - protein of Pneumococci. The CRP acts as opsonins "and the bacteria bound CRP protein activates the complement which facilitates its uptake by phagocytosis.

(NK Cells (Natural killer cells) - Lymphoid cells which can kill a range of tumor cells without any stimulation.)